Saturday, February 26, 2011

[F787.Ebook] Download Ebook Murach's JavaScript and jQuery

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Monday, February 21, 2011

[C756.Ebook] Ebook Download Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture, by Ross King

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Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture, by Ross King

On August 19, 1418, a competition concerning Florence's magnificent new cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore--already under construction for more than a century--was announced: "Whoever desires to make any model or design for the vaulting of the main Dome....shall do so before the end of the month of September." The proposed dome was regarded far and wide as all but impossible to build: not only would it be enormous, but its original and sacrosanct design shunned the flying buttresses that supported cathedrals all over Europe. The dome would literally need to be erected over thin air.

Of the many plans submitted, one stood out--a daring and unorthodox solution to vaulting what is still the largest dome (143 feet in diameter) in the world. It was offered not by a master mason or carpenter, but by a goldsmith and clockmaker named Filippo Brunelleschi, who would dedicate the next twenty-eight years to solving the puzzles of the dome's construction. In the process, he did nothing less than reinvent the field of architecture.

Brunelleschi's Dome is the story of how a Renaissance genius bent men, materials, and the very forces of nature to build an architectural wonder we continue to marvel at today. Denounced at first as a madman, Brunelleschi was celebrated at the end as a genius. He engineered the perfect placement of brick and stone, built ingenious hoists and cranes to carry an estimated 70 million pounds hundreds of feet into the air, and designed the workers' platforms and routines so carefully that only one man died during the decades of construction--all the while defying those who said the dome would surely collapse and his own personal obstacles that at times threatened to overwhelm him.

Even today, in an age of soaring skyscrapers, the cathedral dome of Santa Maria del Fiore retains a rare power to astonish. Ross King brings its creation to life in a fifteenth-century chronicle with twenty-first-century resonance.

  • Sales Rank: #24319 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2013-08-13
  • Released on: 2013-08-13
  • Format: Kindle eBook

Amazon.com Review
Filippo Brunelleschi's design for the dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence remains one of the most towering achievements of Renaissance architecture. Completed in 1436, the dome remains a remarkable feat of design and engineering. Its span of more than 140 feet exceeds St Paul's in London and St Peter's in Rome, and even outdoes the Capitol in Washington, D.C., making it the largest dome ever constructed using bricks and mortar. The story of its creation and its brilliant but "hot-tempered" creator is told in Ross King's delightful Brunelleschi's Dome.

Both dome and architect offer King plenty of rich material. The story of the dome goes back to 1296, when work began on the cathedral, but it was only in 1420, when Brunelleschi won a competition over his bitter rival Lorenzo Ghiberti to design the daunting cupola, that work began in earnest. King weaves an engrossing tale from the political intrigue, personal jealousies, dramatic setbacks, and sheer inventive brilliance that led to the paranoid Filippo, "who was so proud of his inventions and so fearful of plagiarism," finally seeing his dome completed only months before his death. King argues that it was Brunelleschi's improvised brilliance in solving the problem of suspending the enormous cupola in bricks and mortar (painstakingly detailed with precise illustrations) that led him to "succeed in performing an engineering feat whose structural daring was without parallel." He tells a compelling, informed story, ranging from discussions of the construction of the bricks, mortar, and marble that made up the dome, to its subsequent use as a scientific instrument by the Florentine astronomer Paolo Toscanelli. --Jerry Brotton, Amazon.co.uk

From Publishers Weekly
Walker was the hardcover publisher of Dava Sobel's sleeper smash, Longitude, and Mark Kurlansky's steady-seller Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World. This brief, secondary source-based account is clearly aimed at the same lay science-cum-adventure readership. British novelist King (previously unpublished in the U.S.) compiles an elementary introduction to the story of how and why Renaissance Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) designed and oversaw the construction of the enormous dome of Florence's Santa Maria del Fiore cathedralAdesigning its curves so that they needed no supporting framework during construction: a major Renaissance architectural innovation. Illustrated with 26 b&w period prints, the book contains 19 chapters, some very brief. Although the result is fast moving and accessible, King overdoes the simplicity to the point that the book appears unwittingly as if it was intended for young adults. (Donatello, Leonardo and Michelangelo, for example, "took a dim view of marriage and women.") This book feels miles away from its actual characters, lacking the kind of dramatic flourish that would bring it fully to life. Despite direct quotes from letters and period accounts, the "would have," "may have" and "must have" sentences pile up. Still, the focus on the dome, its attendant social and architectural problems, and the solutions improvised by Brunelleschi provide enough inherent tension to carry readers along. (Oct. 23)
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Booklist
Like the poetry of Petrarch or the artistry of Giotto, the architecture of Filippo Brunelleschi radiates the talent of a Renaissance genius. King illuminates the mysterious sources of inspiration and the secretive methods of this architectural genius in a fascinating chronicle of the building of his masterwork, the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore. Unsurpassed by St. Peter's in Rome or St. Paul's in London, Filippo's sublime dome required an imaginative leap in its conception and a stubborn relentlessness in its execution. King details how Filippo waged and won his 28-year battle to raise the magnificent structure, surmounting every technical, political, and artistic obstacle. And just as his dome created a visual focus for the city of Florence, his exploits in building it wove together numerous strands of municipal history--war, disease, intrigue, commerce--making one glorious narrative cord. King demonstrates a remarkable range, explaining everything from how Filippo engineered the hoists for raising stone to why the masons working on the dome drank diluted wine, but he always brings us back to the one incandescent mind performing the one matchless feat that would forever transform architecture from a mechanical craft into a creative art. Bryce Christensen
Copyright � American Library Association. All rights reserved

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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
How a 15th century clock-maker built the magnificent dome of Santa Maria del Fiore's Cathedral in Florence
By Bibliophile
This is the true story of how Filippo Brunelleschi, a goldsmith and clockmaker, not an architect, built one of the greatest architectural achievements in all of human history, the main dome on top of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence, Italy.

The story begins in 1400 during another outbreak of the Black Plague. In order to "appease the wrathful deity", the Guild of Cloth Merchants held a competition for a new set of bronze doors for the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Each candidate was given four sheets of bronze and asked to illustrate the biblical account of Abraham sacrificing his son Isaac in Genesis 22:2-13. They were given a year to complete it. First, they had to model the figure in seasoned clay, then cover it with wax. The wax was then carved into the desired relief-work with extreme precision. A third layer was added, a paste which consisted of burned ox horn, iron fillings, and cow dung mixed with water. Several layers of soft clay were applied. This was placed in a kiln and baked until the clay hardened and the wax melted. A hollow was thereby left into which melted bronze was poured. Afterwards, the husk of clay was broken away. The bronze figure would then be chiseled, engraved, polished and gilded. Working with bronze was so difficult that Michelangelo would request a Mass to be said whenever he began pouring a bronze statue!

The competition came down to two competitors. Lorenzo Ghiberti, the son of a goldsmith, shaped his piece according to advice he cunningly sought from other artists and sculptors, many of whom comprised the 34 judges. His piece was graceful and elegant, and used less bronze. Brunelleschi worked in isolation for fear that someone would steal his plans and take credit for them. His piece is more dramatic, portraying Abraham and the angel in melodramatic and even violent poses above the contorting Isaac.

One of two things happened next. Either Lorenzo was awarded the commission "without a dissenting voice," according to his autobiography, or both were awarded the commission provided they work together. Brunelleschi refused to do this, so he withdrew and spent the next 15 years making clocks in Rome. Ghiberti spent the next 22 years working on the bronze doors. They weighed 10 tons, and are one of the greatest masterpieces of Florentine art.

In 1416 or 1417, Brunelleschi returned to Florence. There, he is credited with having invented (or rediscovered) linear perspective, the representation of three-dimensional objects in recession on a two-dimensional surface. Sitting 6 feet inside and facing the doorway of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral, he painted onto a small panel, in perfect perspective, everything that was visible through the "frame" of the doorway. When finished, he drilled a small hole into the painting. Then he stood on the exact spot where he painted, turned the painting away from him in one hand, and held a mirror in the other hand. When he looked through the hole, the mirror reflected what he had painted as though he was looking at the actual scene through the doorway.

In August 1418, a competition was announced to build a model for the dome for the Santa Maria del Fiore. A major challenge was "centering", the need to build a wooden framework to support the dome while the mortar cured. The actual dome would require a massive structure made from 700 trees. One competitor proposed building the dome on a temporary mound of dirt piled 300 feet high! Filippo had an even more ridiculous notion. He would build the dome without any supporting structure at all! When the committee asked him how he planned to do that, he would not tell them, preferring that no one steal his ingenuity. The frustrated committee called him "an ass and a babbler." In spite of this ridicule, Brunelleschi's plans intrigued the committee. The project would cost far less without a supporting structure, if it could be done.

Again, history repeated itself when the committee narrowed down the competition to two models, one by Lorenzo Ghiberti and the other by Filippo Brunelleschi. In the end, the committee awarded the design to Brunelleschi as chief architect, but also assigned Ghiberti as one of his 3 assistant architects. Another assistant, Giovanni da Prato, harbored resentment against Brunelleschi because his dubious design of putting 24 windows around the base of the heavy dome was rejected. He believed Brunelleschi's design would result in a church that was too "murky and gloomy."

After more than 50 years of planning and delay, work on the dome began on August 7, 1420. Most of the workers came from poor families and were called popolo minuto, "little people." The unskilled laborers who carried the bricks and the lime were called uomini senza nome e famiglia, "men without name or family." They worked from Monday to Saturday, from dawn to dusk, 14-hour days in the summer. They were paid every Saturday. Sometimes they were dismissed an hour or two early so they could buy food in the stalls, which were closed on Sunday. Work was forbidden on Sundays and religious feasts, except for men who had to water the masonry to keep it moist and workable. Their most important festival was November 8th, the feast of their patron saints, the Quattro Coronati: four Christian sculptors martyred by the emperor Diocletian for refusing to carve a statue of the pagan god Aesculapius. When it was too cold or wet to work, Brunelleschi's foreman, Battista d'Antonio, drew five names of all the masons and set them to work in the shelter, plastering and bricklaying, while the rest of the workers were sent home without pay.

Each morning church bells rang to rouse the workers from their beds. They carried their own tools: chisels, T-squares, hammers, trowels, and mallets. Upon arriving at the cathedral in semidarkness, they inscribed their names on a gesso board. They climbed several hundred stone steps to the working level. (Ten years later they would climb the equivalent of a 40-story building just to begin their workday.) Their climb was illuminated by a system of lighting that Filippo devised to keep them from stumbling and falling in the dark stairwell. In all, four sets of stairs rise from the ground to the top, each one built into one of the four enormous piers on which the dome rests. Two were used for climbing up, and two for climbing down. (Today, after more than five centuries of use, these sandstone steps are remarkably unworn.)

Their work hours were recorded by a sand hour glass. At eleven o'clock they ate food they had carried with them in leather pouches. A cookshop was installed between the two cupolas without fear of an open fire on the dome, since the masons also served as Florence's firemen. They were the only ones who owned the tools to create firebreaks by tearing down walls! To slake their thirst on sweltering summer days they drank wine, since water carried bacteria, and therefore disease.

To hoist the 70 million pounds of brick, stone, and mortar up to the workers, Brunelleschi designed a remarkable machine (which is much better explained by the diagrams in the book). One or two oxen were yoked to a wooden tiller which turned a vertical shaft with two cogged wheels. The loads were raised or lowered depending upon which wheel was engaged at the time. These wheels meshed with a horizontal shaft which had one end of a rope tied to it. The other end of the rope went up to the height of the dome, threaded through a pulley, and was tied to a loading bucket down at ground level. As the oxen walked, the rope wound around the horizontal shaft, pulling up the loaded bucket.

Sounds simple, but what made Brunelleschi's machine so innovative was something not previously found in the history of engineering. At the base of the vertical shaft was a helical screw which acted like a reversible gear. Notched into this screw was a square hole or pinion to insert the tiller. A hole was also notched into the vertical shaft. A load was raised when the tiller was inserted directly into the pinion of the vertical shaft. This engaged one of the two cogged wheels that turned in that direction. When the tiller was put into the hole in the helical screw, the vertical shaft was lowered and then engaged the second cogged wheel which turned everything in the opposite direction. This was ingenious because then the oxen could keep walking in the same direction. Using this machine, one ox could raise a 1,000 pound load to an elevation of 200 feet in 13 minutes. On average, the hoist raised 50 loads per day.

This machine solved the problem of raising and lowering loads. What was now needed was a way to move the loads sideways after they reached the top. Once again, Brunelleschi designed a machine called the castello, a wooden mast surmounted by a pivoted horizontal beam. The horizontal crossbeam had screws, slideways, and a counterweight. One of the screws moved the counterweight along the slideway, while the other manipulated the load, which could be raised or lowered by a turnbuckle. Thus, large stone beams could be laid in place with pinpoint accuracy.

When domes are constructed, their weight tends to push outward, threatening collapse. Most people have seen external buttresses that hold up the walls of cathedrals. To contain this pressure, called "hoop stress", Brunelleschi built 4 sandstone chains that surround the dome at intervals of 35 feet. These chains served as internal, invisible buttresses against the dome's outward pressures. Each chain consisted of two concentric rings of stone laid horizontally around the octagonal circumference of the dome. These long beams rested on, and interlocked with, shorter beams laid transversely, like railway ties, at intervals of every three feet. A fifth chain, made of chestnut, also encircles the dome.

The dome is actually two domes, one inside of the other. The outer shell, an eight-sided octagon, gives impressive height to the building and shields the inner shell from the weather. The inner shell, which partially supports the outer dome, conforms better to the interior proportions of the cathedral.

How was it possible for 8 teams of masons, each working on one side of the octagonal dome, to raise their separate walls so that they would all converge at the top? Downstream from Florence, Brunelleschi had a large area of the Arno River bank leveled, about one half mile in each direction. Here, in the sand, he traced a full-scale plan of the dome. Then templates for each of the 8 vertical ribs were made from this enormous design. The templates were made from pine and reinforced with sheets of iron. They were then fitted onto the outside wall of the inner shell, allowing them to serve as guides for both shells.

Without a supporting structure for the dome, the masons moved around the dome on ponti, narrow platforms made from willow withes and supported on wooden rods inserted into the masonry. To calm their nerves, Brunelleschi built a parapetto, or balcony, on the inside of the vault. It served as a safety net and prevented the masons from "looking down." Other safety measures included wearing safety harnesses and diluting their wine with water. To Brunelleschi's credit, in the many years of building the dome, only one worker lost his life.

As each layer of brick was laid, how did Brunelleschi keep everything centered? He left no written plans or diagrams for posterity. In the 1490's, a Florentine historian said that Brunelleschi stretched a cord from the center of the dome to the inside edges of the bricks. This cord, which could sweep 360 degrees around the cupola, would have risen and progressively shortened as each layer of brick was added, and the dome's radius shrank from 70 feet at its foot to only 10 feet at the top. Thus, every brick was laid in its exact position from the center of the dome.

About 4 million bricks were laid: rectangular, triangular, dovetailed, bricks with flanges, and bricks shaped to fit the angles of the octagon. The mortar was made by heating limestone in a kiln, turning it into powdery quicklime (calcium oxide), and then mixing it with water and sand. As the dome rose in height, it leaned inward more and more. The bricks were not laid completely flat, but at ever-increasing angles. At 57 feet high, the dome angles 30 degrees to the horizon. At the top, 60 degrees. What prevented the dome from collapsing inward as it rose without supporting scaffolding?

Here is what Brunelleschi instructed his builders to do. After every three feet of horizontal brick was laid (about 5 bricks), the mason took a larger brick and place it vertically on end. As the dome ascended, these vertical bricks formed a zigzag or herringbone pattern. It was this herringbone pattern that helped to kept the dome (the two shells) from falling inward. The vertical bricks acted like clamps, or book-ends, by applying pressure to the row of bricks on either side of them, locking them into place. Because the vertical bricks passed through several horizontal rings of brick, each three-foot section of brick was connected to several completed layers below it. These new sections of brick became self-contained, horizontal arches capable of withstanding the inward pull of gravity.

But the herringbone pattern of the bricks was not the only thing that kept the inward-leaning walls from collapsing. The inner shell was 7 feet thick at the base and 5 feet thick at the top. Within the inner shell, Brunelleschi constructed nine continuous circular rings at 8-foot intervals. Each of these brick rings was 3 feet wide and 2 feet high. They connected the corner spurs of the 8 vertical ribs of the octagonal walls, thus giving strength to the outer shell and preventing it from falling inward. This is how Brunelleschi was able to prevent two shells with different shapes from collapsing. The inner shell is a spherical dome. The outer shell is an eight-sided dome. Both shells were connected by these nine horizontal rings.

On March 25, 1436, the Feast of the Annunciation, the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and its new dome were consecrated by Pope Eugenius IV, 7 cardinals, 37 bishops, and 9 members of the Florentine government, including Cosimo de' Medici. The dome had been under construction for 16 years and 2 weeks. It still required work. The exterior surface needed to be tiled with terra cotta, which took another 2 years. And the facings of colored marble would take another generation to complete.

To top off the dome, a lantern was needed. It brought light and fresh air into the dome. Octagonal in shape, it sits on a marble platform supported by the final sandstone chain. Its eight buttresses rise in line with the eight ribs of the dome to support 30-foot-high pilasters crowned with Corinthian capitals. Between the pilasters are eight windows, each 30 feet high. The lantern's interior features a small dome upon which sits a 23-foot high spire. This is capped with a bronze ball and cross. Inside one of the buttresses (all of which all hollow to lighten the weight of the lantern) is a stairway leading to a series of ladders, which lead up into the bronze ball itself. This giant ball is fitted with a small flat window that, at 350 feet above the streets, offers the highest panoramic view of Florence.

Unwittingly, the lantern would later perform an esteemed service for astronomy. In 1475, Paolo Toscanelli, one of the greatest mathematicians and astronomers of the century, climbed to the top and placed a bronze plate at the base of the lantern. In the center of the plate was an opening for the sun's rays to pass and then fall 300 feet to a special gauge on the cathedral floor. This allowed Toscanelli to calculate the exact moment of both the summer solstice and and the vernal equinox. Now, essential religious dates such as Easter could be established. But more importantly, the true position of the sun to the horizon could be calculated. Toscanelli used these observations of the motion of the sun to correct and revise the maps and tables used in navigating the open seas. His calculations vastly improved global exploration, and may have helped Columbus in his discovery of America 17 years later in 1492.

On April 15, 1446, after working on the dome for over a quarter of a century, Filippo Brunelleschi died from a brief illness in the house where he had lived for his entire life. Having never married, he passed away at the age of 69 with his adopted son and heir, Buggiano, at his bedside. His sudden death brought tremendous grief to the people of Florence. His funeral took place beneath the dome he had built. Thousands of mourners filed past, including all the masons who had laid the bricks in the dome. He was buried within the cathedral under the south aisle in the simplest of tombs. A marble slab reads, "Here lies the body of the great ingenious Filippo Brunelleschi of Florence." His outward appearance is known from a plaster cast of his head and shoulders made shortly after his death. In 1972, his bones were exhumed. Forensic tests showed him to stand 5 feet 4 inches tall with an above-average cranial capacity. The chancellor of Florence, Carlo Marsuppini, composed his epitaph, and referred to Brunelleschi as having divino ingenio, divine genius. This is the first recorded instance of an architect or sculptor being said to have received divine inspiration for his work.

The weight of the dome is estimated at 37,000 tons (74 million pounds). How well was the dome constructed? Three earthquakes have occurred since it was made, in 1510, 1675, and 1895. None of the quakes caused damage to the cupola. In 1540, after being named chief architect of St. Peter Basilica in Rome, Michelangelo climbed to the top of Brunelleschi's dome. He was also a proud Florentine, and he claimed he would build a dome that could equal Filippo's dome. He missed it by 10 feet!

Brunelleschi left no diagrams or written instructions on how he built this dome. It has been a mystery for centuries. But in 2012, twelve years after this book was written, a mini-dome measuring 9 feet in circumference was unearthed near Florence's cathedral. It was found under a construction workshop used during Brunelleschi's day. It is believed to have served as Brunelleschi's scale model for the actual dome, since it is made of brick arranged in a herringbone pattern!

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
I LOVED IT
By E. Piper
I loved this book. Perhaps because I love Florence, have stood spellbound looking up at the dome of the church of Santa Maria del Fiore or perhaps because the story of how a man's dream of building a dome without buttresses or wooden centering (wooden support posts) actually came to pass. Whatever the reason, I found the book both beautiful and fascinating.

Though the book was about the building of the dome it was about so much more. It told the reader about life in renaissance Florence and brought us into the lives of the people, how they lived, what they ate, the inner workings of their guilds and political system and even how they made bricks. It was truly a wonderful read and I will now order Ross King's book about the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo.

If you love renaissance history, Florence, art or just enjoy reading a well written story, this is a book is for you.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
If you are trying to understand the architectural/structural brilliance of the dome -- you are better off reading the wikipedia
By Saul Kravitz
See the review entitled "Brisk Narrative, Busted Contract" for clearer elucidation of my gripe with this book.
If you are looking for the "story" of how the dome was built, and how Brunelleschi navigated the politics of florence to get it done -- 5 stars.
If you are trying to understand the architectural/structural brilliance of the dome -- you are better off reading the wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral#Dome . The figures in the book are inadequate to provide understanding. Annotated pictures would have been worth tens of pages of descriptions. I was disappointed.

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Friday, February 18, 2011

[Q195.Ebook] Download War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, by Lawrence H. Keeley

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War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, by Lawrence H. Keeley

The myth of the peace-loving "noble savage" is persistent and pernicious. Indeed, for the last fifty years, most popular and scholarly works have agreed that prehistoric warfare was rare, harmless, unimportant, and, like smallpox, a disease of civilized societies alone. Prehistoric warfare, according to this view, was little more than a ritualized game, where casualties were limited and the effects of aggression relatively mild. Lawrence Keeley's groundbreaking War Before Civilization offers a devastating rebuttal to such comfortable myths and debunks the notion that warfare was introduced to primitive societies through contact with civilization (an idea he denounces as "the pacification of the past").
Building on much fascinating archeological and historical research and offering an astute comparison of warfare in civilized and prehistoric societies, from modern European states to the Plains Indians of North America, War Before Civilization convincingly demonstrates that prehistoric warfare was in fact more deadly, more frequent, and more ruthless than modern war. To support this point, Keeley provides a wide-ranging look at warfare and brutality in the prehistoric world. He reveals, for instance, that prehistorical tactics favoring raids and ambushes, as opposed to formal battles, often yielded a high death-rate; that adult males falling into the hands of their enemies were almost universally killed; and that surprise raids seldom spared even women and children. Keeley cites evidence of ancient massacres in many areas of the world, including the discovery in South Dakota of a prehistoric mass grave containing the remains of over 500 scalped and mutilated men, women, and children (a slaughter that took place a century and a half before the arrival of Columbus). In addition, Keeley surveys the prevalence of looting, destruction, and trophy-taking in all kinds of warfare and again finds little moral distinction between ancient warriors and civilized armies. Finally, and perhaps most controversially, he examines the evidence of cannibalism among some preliterate peoples.
Keeley is a seasoned writer and his book is packed with vivid, eye-opening details (for instance, that the homicide rate of prehistoric Illinois villagers may have exceeded that of the modern United States by some 70 times). But he also goes beyond grisly facts to address the larger moral and philosophical issues raised by his work. What are the causes of war? Are human beings inherently violent? How can we ensure peace in our own time? Challenging some of our most dearly held beliefs, Keeley's conclusions are bound to stir controversy.

  • Sales Rank: #68811 in Books
  • Published on: 1997-12-18
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 5.30" h x .60" w x 7.90" l, .52 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 272 pages

Amazon.com Review
Throughout much of this century the notion has been gaining ground, bolstered by genocide and Holocaust, that modern warfare is more barbaric than war has ever been. Alongside this view has grown a romantic impression that primitive cultures were, and are, more peaceful. Lawrence Keeley, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois, aims to dispel this inversion of the connotations of "civilization." He cites the historical evidence that humans have always been just as bloodthirsty as they are today, and that indeed in the days when death was less clinical it was often nastier. War, it seems, has always been with us.

Review

"The evidence that Mr. Keeley marshals is vivid, varied, and often complex."--The New York Times Book Review


About the Author
Lawrence H. Keeley is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He has contributed articles to Scientific American and Nature, and has appeared in documentaries that have run on P.B.S., The Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel. He lives in Oak Park, Illinois with his wife and son.

Most helpful customer reviews

79 of 86 people found the following review helpful.
An Amazing Book
By Biology Reader
This amazing little book ( 244 pgs. including footnotes and index.) should utterly change the way anthropologists view man's prehistory and the remaining prestate societies in the world. Keeley thoroughly and meticulously documents that prehistoric warfare was in fact far more frequent and deadly than modern warfare between state societies. Keeley shows that prestate warriors often more than not held their own in battles against civilized armies and often defeated them. Their ultimate defeats at the hands of state societies were often more attributable to introduced diseases and the logistical superiorty of modern economies than to military strategy and tactics. One particularly illuminating passage involves a New Guinean tribal leader who after seeing an airplane for the first time, asked for a ride and then permission to take along some heavy rocks. These rocks he wanted to drop on an enemy village!! He had understood within minutes the military significance of aircraft that had eluded many generals and admirals for a generation. Some of the passages in the book make for gruesome reading, particularly the sections on cannibalism, enemy torture, and civilian massacres. Most importantly, Keeley documents how anthropologists have in his words "pacified the past" out of a sense of guilt over imperialism and the two world wars of the 20th century. He shows numerous examples of anthropologists and archaeologists grasping at straws to explain away unambiguous evidence of warfare at numerous sites in North America and Europe. He even points out as a young archaeologist that he also engaged in a lot of similar wishful thinking. This book should be required reading in anthropology classes throughout the world, but sadly it will probably be ignored because it challenges too many entrenched beliefs.

68 of 79 people found the following review helpful.
Keely slaughters the myth of the golden age of peace
By Scott C. Locklin
Keeley utterly demolishes the "golden age" idiotological mythos with hard anthropological, ethnographic and archaeological fact. He also, very cleverly to my mind, considering the biases of modern academics, gives "primitives" a great deal of credit for their fighting prowess. There were some flaws to his thesis, of course. But this is a sort of polemic; a bludgeon with which to beat home the unarguable fact that primitive man was a violent creature; not the Rousseauean "noble savage" of popular mythology.

It also contains some great black humor, such as his recounting of a Maori chief taunting the preserved head of an enemy chief: " You wanted to run away, did you? But my war club overtook you: and after you were cooked, you made food for my mouth. And where is your father? he is cooked:- and where is your brother? he is eaten:- and where is your wife? there she sits, a wife for me:- and where are your children? there they are, with loads on their backs, carrying food, as my slaves."

Humanity is ugly. The simple fact that we are unpleasant, violent apes seems to be lost on certain social classes of people. In my opinion, you can't begin to understand people without understanding that human beings are deeply flawed creatures. We are not made horrible by our social conditions, psychological trauma or any other such nonsense: humanity is just horrible. Any meaningful discussion of sociology, history or politics must start from these assumptions, or they are destructive folly.

103 of 129 people found the following review helpful.
Archeology vindicates civilized man
By Jean-Francois Virey
"In the aftermath of the Battle of Little Bighorn, Indian women used marrow-cracking mallets to pound the faces of dead soldiers into pulp." - Lawrence H. Keeley
For Lawrence Keeley, the study of prehistory (a period which, for some peoples, ended only a few dozen years ago) has been torn between two paradigms: the Hobbesian and the Rousseauian. According to the former, primitives are warlike, and need the institution of the state to put an end to the nastiness and brutishness of their lives. According to the latter, civilization is the corrupter, subverting the harmony and peacefulness of primitive life with overpopulation, greed and the encouragement of exploitative behaviour.
For several decades, the Rousseauian myth has ruled academia, where swords have been "beaten into metaphors": omnipresent fortifications are interpreted as expressions of "the symbolism of exclusion" and weapons as a form of money or status symbols, so that- to paraphrase Keeley- the obviously bellicose becomes the arcanely peaceable.
But what the civilization-bashers had not counted on was that their Big Lie would ultimately be exposed by objective scientists working on the basis of incontrovertible facts: the archeologists, whose patient, reality-oriented detective work completely refutes the fashionable whitewashing of primitive peoples.
What bones tell us is that wars were more common among the primitives than among modern nations, that proportionately more people were involved in them and died in them. Admittedly, those wars were waged on a smaller scale than modern man's, because primitive economies could neither support the large populations nor the impressive logistics that enable modern nations to sustain long-term and wide-ranging war efforts. But relative to their population figures, primitives are a much more violent breed than civilized men.
As always, of course, statistics tell only part of the story. Just as enlightening are the picture of the corpse of a U.S. cavalryman, horribly mutilated by the Cheyenne, or the simple description of what a Tahitian warrior would do to his vanquished enemy's corpse: crush it flat with his war club, then cut a slit through it and wear it as a poncho. (Horror is mitigated by irony when one considers that, in the 18th century, "the explorer Louis de Bougainville reported that Tahitians exactly fulfilled Rousseau's predictions"...)
*War Before Civilization* is an excellent illustration of what the application of logic to reality can do to dispel the myths woven by evaders and ideologically motivated revisionists, and so long as the author sticks to his own discipline, he shines as a beacon of perspicaciousness and objectivity. Outside of his own field, though, Keeley is less brilliant: his recommendations for the preservation of peace in our age (such as compromising with our enemies or letting foreign powers monopolize resources we could produce ourselves) are examples of fallacious induction; his choice of Hobbes as the antithesis of Rousseau creates an unsavory alternative between two proponents of absolute power (which is all the more regrettable as Locke would have served the author's purposes just as well); and his endorsement of the theory that "real" war is total war makes him mistake the moral constraints of civilized warfare for a lack of realism or even inefficiency. As for his analysis of the causes of the academic distortion of the prehistorical record, it would have benefited from a familiarity with Ayn Rand's Objectivism, and Gross and Levitt's debunking of the academic left in *Higher Superstition*.
If you are the kind of person who always feels compelled to put such words as "civilized" and "primitive" in quotes, Lawrence Keeley's book is the best therapy I can think of, along with Robert B. Edgerton's *Sick Societies* and Ayn Rand's *Return of the Primitive*.

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Tuesday, February 15, 2011

[A326.Ebook] Ebook Download Ruin the Sacred Truths: Poetry and Belief from the Bible to the Present (The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures) Reprint edition

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  • Published on: 1707
  • Binding: Paperback

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Wednesday, February 9, 2011

[H237.Ebook] Download PDF Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age, by Alice E. Marwick

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Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age, by Alice E. Marwick

Social media technologies such as YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook promised a new participatory online culture. Yet,�technology insider Alice Marwick contends in this insightful�book, “Web 2.0” only encouraged a preoccupation with status and attention. Her original research—which includes conversations with entrepreneurs, Internet celebrities, and Silicon Valley journalists—explores the culture and ideology of San Francisco’s tech community in the period between the dot com boom and the App store, when the city was the world’s center of social media development.�Marwick argues that early revolutionary goals have failed to materialize: while many continue to view social media as democratic, these technologies instead turn users into marketers and self-promoters, and leave technology companies poised to violate privacy and to prioritize profits over participation. Marwick analyzes status-building techniques—such as self-branding, micro-celebrity, and life-streaming—to show that Web 2.0 did not provide a cultural revolution, but only furthered inequality and reinforced traditional social stratification, demarcated by race, class, and gender.

  • Sales Rank: #617538 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Yale University Press
  • Published on: 2013-11-26
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.25" h x 1.00" w x 6.13" l, 1.45 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 368 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Marwick makes a compelling case that the rhetoric does not always match the reality, particularly when it comes to social media."—Ravi Mattu, Financial Times (Ravi Mattu Financial Times)

“[Marwick is] a keen ethnographer of Silicon Valley.”—Sue Halpern, New York Review of Books (Sue Halpern New York Review of Books)

“A must-read for anyone interested in the culture of the tech world and in the techniques of status-building in contemporary digital society.”—Finola Kerrigan, Times Higher Education Supplement (Finola Kerrigan Times Higher Education Supplement)

"Marwick brilliantly gets beneath the shiny exterior of the Web 2.0 startup scene to uncover the ways in which geeks, entrepreneurs, and technologists use their creations to jockey for status and seek attention. This book is critical for all who care about or use social media."—danah boyd, Microsoft Research
(danah boyd 2013-06-17)

“With thoughtfulness and rigor, Marwick explains the importance of major social networks from cultural, economic, and human standpoints. Status Update offers a true understanding of what it means to share ourselves online, with a healthy skepticism about Silicon Valley’s utopian promises.”—Anil Dash, ThinkUp (Anil Dash 2013-08-05)

"Marwick masterfully weaves together what motivates us as humans and what defines identity online. If you want to understand the future of social media, this book is required reading."—Dennis Crowley, co-founder Foursquare (Dennis Crowley 2013-08-12)

"San Francisco and environs have long been the home of American dreaming. In this fascinating book, Marwick interrogates Silicon Valley’s recent dream: Web 2.0 and the tools and behaviors it spawned."—Clay Shirky, author of Cognitive Surplus (Clay Shirky 2013-08-05)

"Marwick's lively, sophisticated book shows how deeply intertwined our lives are with the whims and biases of a handful of coders.�An essential read for�anyone who is curious about how social media work."—Siva Vaidhyanathan, author of The Googlization of Everything—and Why We Should Worry (Siva Vaidhyanathan 2013-08-12)

“Status Update�is a deft and graceful guide to the topsy-turvy digital world of free labor, self-branding and micro-celebrity. If you’re still wondering why you sent that last Tweet—and whether it will really help you get a job, a reputation, or a new kind of life—read this book.”—Fred Turner, author of�From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (Fred Turner 2013-07-24)

“In an industry thick with mouth-breathing fans, Marwick is a long-trusted observer of the Silicon Valley ‘scene.’ Readers are sure to love and loathe the details she provides of America’s newest version of a rock star:� the twenty-something social media entrepreneur, and they will appreciate her trenchant critique of ‘Web 2.0’: a term that Marwick argues marks both a moment that has passed, and a discourse that continues to structure what and how we think about social media use.”—Terri Senft, author of Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in the Age of Social Networks (Terri Senft 2013-02-26)

‘It is an incisive portrait of a local culture that is rapidly becoming global: one in which attention equals success, fortune favours the self-aggrandising and luck is always mistaken for destiny.’—Jacob Mikanowski, Prospect Magazine (Jacob Mikanowski Prospect Magazine 2014-04-24)

About the Author
Alice E. Marwick is assistant professor, communication and media studies, Fordham University, and the director of the Donald McGannon Communication Research Center. She lives in New York City.

Most helpful customer reviews

8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Good book, all the right people hate it
By fryjord
Alice Marwick's book is a great ethnography of the start-up culture of Silicon Valley. She spent years as an observer, and she has an informed view on the tech culture she immersed herself in. Her chapter on the rhetoric of Web 2.0 was a particularly insightful analysis of how the way we view tech culture and talk about tech has shaped the ways we adopt and understand emerging media.

Marwick's portrayal of Silicon Valley is balanced, but it's definitely not positive. She paints a picture of status seekers who sound like they're straight out of an Edith Wharton novel. She also shows how the start-up, libertarian mindset also contributes to crazy labor practices that hurt workers. She talks about how workers put in crazy hours and take less money because they are enraptured by the relatively few "Web 2.0" success stories we're all familiar with. It's useful to note that her book pissed off a bunch of tech commenters (in various comment sections), so if you're making people mad it means you're doing some solid work and willing to look critically at your object of study.

The only reason I didn't give the book 5 stars was that it was a bit theoretically light in points. Still, read the book. It's entertaining and worth the price of admission if only for her take down of silly self help books about succeeding with social media.

16 of 20 people found the following review helpful.
my daughter's book
By Jean A Marwick
I guess you might say I am strongly biased towards this book because my daughter is the author. But I am not a techie, just have some computer experience and use facebook and twitter etc. So, I was a little worried as to whether I would understand the book at all. I just finished it a couple of days ago, and have to say that it is so well written even a non-geek like me can understand it. Parts of it are sad really because the book points to the downsides of being a "celebrity" in this world of which she writes. Alice was researching this field as she was studying for her Doctorate and she made many visits to San Francisco to meet with all kinds of people in the industry there. She has some wonderful interviews and stories from those in the tech Web world, and then goes on to make some excellent observations. Women's studies were part of her undergraduate work so it is fascinating that in this book, she discovers the whys and the wherefores of the male-driven web industry. Her interviews with many of the women are very telling. Again, a few of their stories are a little sad, and some of the women don't seem to recognize that they are only exacerbating the issues against themselves. Anyone in the industry or anyone who uses media like facebook should read this

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating look at Silicon Valley's Insiders!
By Desiree's Shelves
I received a copy of this book from NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.

I must say that it did take me a bit to get into this book. I put it down for a while, thinking it was going to be a really heavy read. But, it turned out to be quite the fascinating book! It was a lovely walk down memory lane for me, with names like Kevin Rose, Veronica Belmont and Leo LaPorte! Many others are mentioned, but these happened to be the most familiar to me. The author refers to them as micro-celebrities. They are "famous" to certain people, and are expected to be more accessible to their fans than are Hollywood type celebrities. She takes the reader with her to the glitzy parties and day to day lives of these people. Also explored are the wannabes and how they attempt to integrate into the scene!

The latter parts of the book explore topics such as micro-celebrity in detail, along with life streaming and self-branding. Very well written, it flows well and is easy enough to read! Highly recommended for those interested in the inner workings of the people in Silicon Valley.

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